Ways In Which Consumer Choice Is Influenced Commerce Essay

Manners by which Consumer Choice Is Influenced Commerce Essay The point of this article is to fundamentally assess the manners by which purchaser decision is affected by our mental need to make and keep up both our own and social self-idea. Two years prior, I took a gander at my closet and reached the resolution that I had enough garments yet something was all the while missing. I had all that anyone could need garments however I didnt have an ideal pack that fit all my garments. I arrived at the determination that I had another strategic. Rather than purchasing a generally modest sack I chose to set aside cash to purchase the ideal pack I generally needed to have. It required some investment before I had the measure of cash of purchase the ideal pack. Anyway I needed the ideal sack so gravely that I endeavored to get the cash. Following a couple of months I purchased the ideal pack that fit my whole closet. Anyway after the buy I didn't feel better with my new and generally costly flawless pack. It was not even large enough to fit al my own possessions. I asked myself the inquiry for what valid reason I needed that pack so seriously and why the sack didn't make me more joyful. Why didnt I simply set aside my cash for s omething progressively exceptional? For what reason did I need such a stylishly thing? By and large I asked myself the inquiry what sorts of variables have impacted me to purchase that extraordinary pack. Moreover I inquired as to whether this strategic not an ideal outline of variables that affected my own purchasing conduct. In the article I will assess my buy understanding and investigate why shoppers can show a specific buyer conduct. As indicated by Asome (2012) I am ideal case of demonstrating my character with a specific pack and that I need to be viewed as a selective customer. At long last I purchased the sack to remunerate myself, to fulfill my mental need and to attempt to cause myself to feel better. I go through hours in different shops considering and looking at other changed packs, not agonizing over the cost, however at long last anything shielded me from purchasing that unrivaled sack. This buy was an ideal case of my self-idea. I needed characterize myself with this costly and restrictive pack, yet a few variables have impacted my buy. I didn't decide for a less expensive other option. I needed to be related and seen by others as an individual who was forward-thinking and following the most stylish trend patterns. Anyway the sack was not even reasonable. The outside of my pack was saying additionally regarding my personality. My first decision did not depend on the structure or capacity of the sack h owever about how I would have preferred to show my character. Individuals have impressions of their mentalities towards themselves. Regardless of whether these perspectives are negative of positive, these mentalities will assist with settling on a choice about items or administrations. Most mentalities are consequently being impacted because of the past experience and the view of specific items and administrations. Anyway these consequently perspectives won't generally lead to indistinguishable decisions from it will be more impacts by the social and social condition also. Buys can be utilized to help customers confidence or to compensate themselves. This is the thing that I did in the wake of setting aside cash to purchase the ideal sack. At long last the assets of individuals will assist with mirroring their characters. As indicated by Knor ang tatt (2010) Modern customers purchase things to compensate themselves, to fulfill mental necessities or to cause themselves to feel great. Shoppers are being impacted by their discernment, inspiration, learning or convictions and mentalities too to purchase a specific item. These mental impacts enormously affect the purchaser purchasing conduct. The world is changing just as the requirements and needs of the customers all through the world. Patterns, innovation, advancement and the World Wide Web are impacting the manner in which individuals are. These variables are influencing the purchasing conduct of the purchaser all through the world. The globalization makes the world littler just as making more interest for items and administrations. Advertisers are continually looking to see how shoppers act far and wide. They are attempting to make holes in the worldwide market just as reacting to the necessities of the clients. Their impact has never been so solid because of the impact of programming, web based life and promoting. The procedure by which individuals buy items and administrations is impacted by their need and needs. As per Solomon (2007) the procedures included when people or gatherings select, buy, utilize or discard items, administrations, thoughts or experience to fulfill needs or wants. The procedure by which purchasers choose which items and administrations they will choose can be profoundly increasingly intricate and variable. (Solomon 2007). The buyers needs and needs are continually evolving. These days the individual utilization conduct is in consideration and it is an important act of our consistently life. My buy was vigorously affected by the assessments and practices of my social gathering. Every one of my companions had an ideal sack that fit their whole closet. I was impacted by having discussions about the most stylish trend patterns with my companions instead of being affected by the plugs, magazines or promoting made by the advertisers. I would not like to purchase a sack from perhaps a progressively useful and greater quality brand. I needed to be affirmed by my companions that all cherished that specific brand. Individuals share social qualities and have convictions and perspectives about how they figure the world ought to be. Different gatherings are impacting individuals also: their subculture or their social class. Purchasing an ideal pack doesn't imply that it connote my economic wellbeing except if others in the reference gatherings or social gatherings share indistinguishable thoughts and convictions from I did. For this situation my reference bunch had vigorously affected me. The individuals who matter to me esteem the possibility that I should have been style cognizant, autonomous, show your personality with costly garments and following the most popular trend patterns. My buy was intensely impacted by the conclusions and practices of my companions. Every one of my companions had an ideal pack that fit their whole closet. I was affected by having discussions about the most stylish trend patterns with my companions instead of being impacted by the plugs, magazines or publicizing made by the advertisers. I would not like to purchase a pack from perhaps a progressively reasonable and greater quality brand, as I needed to be affirmed by my social gathering that all cherished that specific brand. Advertisers need to attempt to personality reference gatherings of their objective markets. As indicated by Bearden and Etzel (1982) reference bunches ideas have been utilized by publicists in their endeavors to convince customers to buy items and brands. The impact of the reference bunch is huge on client practices since they open individuals to new practices and ways of life. Taking a gander at patterns and advancement individuals change their way of life continually to prop up with the remainder of the world. Reference bunches impacts perspectives and the self-idea also. Reference bunch use of a brand gives client picture affiliations and psychologi-cal advantage relationship for brands (Muniz OGuinn, 2001). This implies certain brands are being utilized to make and characterize a purchasers self-idea. Shoppers need to interface themselves with the things they like and they need to introduce themselves to others through their image decisions. They are deciding for specific brands because of their mental self portrait, brand picture and the decision of the reference gathering. Reference bunches are related with specific brands. Clients need to be associated with a specific reference bunches since they need to be related with them. Escalas and Bettman (2003)states that brand use by reference bunches is a wellspring of brand affiliations, which become connected to customers men-tal portrayal of self as buyers effectively develop themselves by choosing brands with affiliations applicable to a part of their present self-idea or conceivable self. This implies buyers like indistinguishable things from the reference bunches do. So clients are not just connected with specific brands as their reference gathering yet in addition due their self-idea. I generally had the expectation to purchase the pack since it fit my picture however my reference bunch truly pushed me somewhat more to by the sack at long last. Another angle is the impact of culture that makes a specific significance of items in various sort of social orders. Each individual conveys inside oneself examples of reasoning, feeling and acting that were found out all through their lifetime. (Hofstede 2005) Cultural impacts are the premise of client conduct since it is the manner in which individuals act, make and learn things in the general public. It makes a specific significance of things throughout everyday life. As indicated by Hofstede (2005) culture is the aggregate programming of the psyche that recognized the individuals from one gathering or class of individuals from others. This implies the emotional culture impact the practices, values and psychological convictions of customers, which at long last impacts the demeanor and accepted practices too. Culture contrasts starting with one society then onto the next and in this way there are diverse customer conduct taking a gander at various social orders. Clients who emphatically feel associated with their condition, care about their own way of life and are giving cautious musings about specific items and administrations. Markets are distinguishing different sorts of social gatherings: subculture, social class to comprehend the necessities and needs of buyers also. A fascinating component is buyers change constantly. The world changes continually thus individuals. Shoppers have the ability of being a piece of one subculture just as being impacted through different factors thusly they can change. Client can have numerous presumptions about garments, food, administrations and how individuals connect with one another. This can change in the wake of experiencing various conditions. Anyway once somethin

Moving Towards Independance essays

Moving Towards Independance expositions 1) The Treaty of Paris finished the French and Indian War however not the issues that caused it: explicitly, responsibility for. The main contrast was the adversary that stayed after the war finished. After the French had been expelled from the image, the British directed their concentration toward battling the Indians for their territories. The Indians retaliated, however confronted practically certain destruction in light of their constrained supplies, labor, and the general absence of attachment between Indian clans. The French and Indian War neglected to take care of another significant issue: the developing contrasts among England and its states. It was the expectation of numerous that battling a shared adversary would arrange England and its states. In any case, it did the polar opposite. Living around other people with the British the colonials turned out to be much increasingly bothered at the British. After the war, the overwhelming duties Britain required on the provinces to pay for the war just made the colonials angrier. The pilgrims had expected to come back to a time of helpful disregard, when, except for the Navigation Acts to control exchange, Parliament had made scarcely any laws that influenced the provinces. Since Britain was confronted with many war obligations, they required the assistance of the pilgrims. The French and Indian War prompted more wars, coming about with the American Revolution. 2) British financial and political activities started to make an extreme minority in the American provinces. After the French and Indian War, Britain started to force charges and various acts to affirm control on its settlements. One such act, was the Quartering Act. This demonstration expected homesteaders to give lodging and a few arrangements to British soldiers. By placing British soldiers in the provinces it put down the homesteaders. Here and there, the pilgrims felt like they were being child sat. Their opportunity was being consumed directly before them. Additionally, numerous pioneers started to understand that the expenses that the ... <!

3 Books to Fight Political Loneliness

3 Books to Fight Political Loneliness This is a guest post from Zoe Strickland. Zoe is a writer, editor, and caffeine-addict living in Oregon. She likes wine, pop culture, space, and tattoos. She’s one of those ‘loud feminists’ and wouldn’t have it any other way. Follow her on Twitter  @zoealea. It’s no denying that the current political state is a crapshoot. You can’t go on social media without seeing posts upon posts about the void of politics. Like many people, I’ve coped with this by sinking into a couch with a mug of coffee, and reading. While I love the escape, it’s also important to face what’s going on, and to connect with the different points of view of people and how they’ve been affected by the administration. We all know that books give us the reassurance that we’re not doing this thing alone, so I’ve begun to explore books that were put together and published after this last November’s election. Think of it as a sort of quest of literary hope. These are my findings: Pantsuit Nation edited by Libby Chamberlain Pantsuit Nation is a book that collects the reasons and stories behind people who voted for Hillary Clinton. I picked this book up without really reading the description. My brain flagged it as a feminist political read, and I immediately checked it out of the library. Regardless of whether or not you agree with Clinton, Pantsuit Nation is a fantastic read. It is a book that’s less about the politics, and more about the stories of everyday people and what makes them tick. Radical Hope: Love and Dissent in Dangerous Times edited by Carolina de Robertis Radical Hope is just what the title leads you to think it is. It’s a collection of essays by people who are trying to find hope in a world where it may be difficult to find it. The essays are written in the form of letters to people in the past, present, and future. Some contributors write to their ancestors and relatives, and some write to historical figures. Radical Hope is emotional, it’s real, and it’s a great book to keep you company. Our Stories, Our Voices edited by Amy Reed This book hasn’t actually come out yet: Our Stories, Our Voices is slated for a Summer 2018 release, and contains essays by YA writers. The essays are described as ones that explore, “diverse experiences of injustice, empowerment, and growing up female in America” with the goal of offering “hope and solidarity to young readers.” Though it doesn’t come out for another year, Our Stories, Our Voices is bound to be exceptional. These books are more than just political collections; they’re pieces of literature that may just help you feel like you aren’t alone. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Essay about Barriers and Obstacles to Critical Thinking

Barriers and Obstacles to Critical Thinking Your Name PHL 251 March 21, 2011 Philip Reynolds Barriers and Obstacles to Critical Thinking Critical thinking helps thinkers to act instead of reacting. Reacting results in hasty decisions that are not always well thought-out. Quick decisions can lead to error or cause more problems. Evaluating decision is important to the decision-making process. During reflections a thinker can rethink what the outcome was and if the problem could have been addressed in a better manner. By evaluating decisions a thinker is learning what works and what does not work, therefore, fostering successful problem- solving and decision-making skills. However, critical thinking can be damaged or affected by†¦show more content†¦The understanding of others is a welcomed benefit. Although experience is a wonderful teacher, if it is filtered through a biased or distorted view, that is how it is remembered. Self- delusion supports self-delusion. Create an open mind and question logic by asking again and again, â€Å"Am I thinking logically and rationally†. This is called a sanity check. Another good sanity check is choosing friends and colleagues who will speak truthfully, not just echoing words of affirmation. These friends are priceless as sounding boards for stream of thought and rational thinking. Scheduled pressure can be an enemy of sound critical thinking. They can lead to cutting corners which may lead to making mistakes and poor decision making. Stress can also lead to mistakes and bad decision making. Procrastination at time is result of not knowing where to start can result in more stress and cutting corners. To overcome this barrier is as simple as proper planning and execution. Group thinking is danger to critical thinking. Critical thinking by its very nature questions ideas, opinions, and thoughts of oneself and others. It uses internal and external reflection. Sources include radio, television, newspaper, magazines and the internet to reflect what is called normal thinking. Questioning the source and what heard are ways to demonstrate critical thinking skills. Being a thinker takes conscious and constantShow MoreRelatedEssay about My Journey Towards Acacemid Success663 Words   |  3 PagesLearning Reflection A solid education is imperative for success. Education impacts the personal and professional side of life. I have been in the pursuit of my degree for quite some time. I have allowed obstacles to distract and discourage me from obtaining my degree. For instance, my language barrier was an impediment for quite some time. I was determined to work and become fluent in the English language. The experience of learning another language was challenging but rewarding. 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Talking about the power of cultural myths, the editors tell that cultural myths hold people together and influence in the way we relate toRead MoreBarriers to Critical Thinking1250 Words   |  5 Pagesof Critical Thinking Skills Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years. Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing and evaluating information gathered from observation as a guide to belief and action. Critical thinking skills are important because they enable students â€Å"to deal effectively with social, scientific, and practical problems† (Shakirova, 2007, p. 42). Besides that, critical thinking

The Relationship Between Human Resource Management and...

Understanding the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Diana Williams National American University Understanding the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Human resource management (HRM) is the umbrella under which all other human resource activities are found. Some of the major activities under the umbrella are: benefits and compensation, health safety and security, human resource planning, staffing, equal employment opportunity, and human resource development (HRD) (Werner, DeSimone, 2012). Byars and Rue (2011) define HRM as, â€Å"Activities designed to provide for and coordinate the human resources of an organization†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The design phase of the intervention involves selecting the specific objective for the program, and developing a lesson plan based upon that specific objective. The implementation phase means executing the intervention using the best and most appropriate method. The final phase in the HRD process is evaluation, where the agent measures the effectiveness of the intervention (Werner, DeSimone, 2012). Present and future Challenges for the HRD Profession The expanded role of the HRD professional has developed and expanded as a result of the new competitive landscape created by the global market and economy. Organizational success today requires doing more with less resources, which necessitates maximizing the effectiveness of human capital by developing employee skills, using technology effectively, creating new organizational structures that facilitate decision-making at all levels of the organization, and developing a learning culture that encourages learning and innovative thinking (Werner, DeSimone, 2012). Harris and Short describe a major challenge they call a â€Å"maze of complexity and changing contexts† in organizations today. 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HRM is the process of recruitment, selection of employee, providingRead MoreArgument of Hr1723 Words   |  7 Pagesfully understand the important position in the development of a enterprise. In modern times, HR has been promoted to a high degree of enterprise development strategies and plays more and more important roles in the development of enterprises. In the modern business management, HR is the core position. It is important for a wise leader to consider HR as the main part and power of the management. Because of the important role of HR, the human resources managers are demanded to have professional skillsRead MoreHrm and Ir1533 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Human Resources Management† and â€Å"Industrial relations† has different concepts about the determination and functions of the both spheres. The essay deliberates the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. 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Essay on Music and Addiction - 1665 Words

Music and Addiction missing works cited Songs can influence the way people feel, think, and act. The following songs have a common theme. Addiction is a very large part of todays society. It can be so powerful that when artists express their ideas and feelings about personal or even interpersonal experiences with addiction, the listener can almost feel what the artist is feeling. Many songs glamorize drug use and drug culture. I tried to find some songs that illustrate the down side of drug use and abuse. In the song Nutshell, lead singer Layne Staley shares the feelings of temptation, hopelessness, and abandonment of heroin addiction. In the song Amphetamines by eve6, he describes some of the unpleasant side effects of taking†¦show more content†¦This is him expressing the fact that only a small group of people know what he feels when he would give his last five dollars to another hit or just one bullet. He says, no one to cry to, no place to go home. I think that this explains the isolation that comes along with heroin usage. Friends and family members are bound to be much more unwilling to associate with him, even if its a way of showing tough love. He goes on to say that his gift of self is raped. This is him feeling the pain that goes along with any addiction: the feeling that your life is run by a chemical and not your own free will. His privacy is no longer in tact, whether its from constant media pressure, going on the road to perform live shows, or anything else that could interfere with his private life. He feels the pressures of life in show business and finally feels the stress that it can dish out. He finishes the song with the phrase, If I cant be my own, Id feel better dead. He says that if he cant find a way to stop letting heroin control his life, hed rather die than feel the pain. In this case, like a handful of other musicians stories, he takes it all the way to the end. Layne Staley died on April 20th of 2002 at the age of 34 of a heroin overdose. Amphetamines Amphetamines by eve6 is faster and more upbeat. This may have something to do with the nature of amphetamines. He starts by describing his situation: Amphetamines and jellybeans. His teeth areShow MoreRelatedMusic Therapy And Drug Addiction1981 Words   |  8 PagesMusic Therapy and Drug Addiction Many people feel too confident and think their life is in control and that there is no ways they can develop a drug habit. Having a drug addiction is overwhelming for many people in our society. A person with a drug addiction will have difficulty accomplishing their goals in life. Anyone can become trapped and loose themselves in drug addiction. Drug addiction has an effect on your body especially your brain. 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Scott Fitzgerald and Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin, both poems portray blindness verses sight. Babylon Revisited is about a man named Charles Wales who returns to Paris and is on a mission to regain custody of his daughter while being blinded by his addictions whereas Sonny’s BluesRead MoreAdversity In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin892 Words   |  4 Pagesstruggles with his identity and ability to feel emotion leading him to the world of music and drugs, â€Å"To be aware of oneself, Baldwin believes, is to feel a sense of loss, to know where we are and what weâ€℠¢ve left behind† (Murray 355). Truly knowing one’s identity comes at the cost of confronting the past. Pain, suffering, and tragedy make up the identity of men just as music expresses it. Sonny’s passion for music, as Murray points out in his article, reveals strength. Strength to tap into the lossRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 933 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Reaching Reclamation† Addiction is a horrible thing. Unhappiness is a mood throughout the whole story. Blues is a genre of music that is often used to express a sad mood. The contradictory lives of the two brothers contribute to the theme of being safe and take risks. In this story, James Baldwin writes about two brothers who were raised together. As time passed, they separated from one another and lived completely different lives. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin addresses the themes of findingRead MoreRequiem for a Dream981 Words   |  4 Pagescharacters? Requiem for a dream was made in 2000, and was directed by Darren Aronofsky. The film exposes the truth about drug addiction and the effects it has on peoples lives. It also shows people who are trying to fit into society which can have disastrous effects which causes them to turn to drugs to fit in. The film follows four individual characters and their addictions and is set in Brooklyn. 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One of the main points is why Sonny decided that drugs would be his escape from his struggles .The second point is the relationship between the brothers and how Sonny s addiction to drugs affected it . The third point is the narrator actually understanding his brothers reasons for taking drugs and actuallyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Elastic Heart, By Sia Furler1275 Words   |  6 PagesSia Furler is an Australian Pop-Singer who often brings her personal trauma and messages to life through symbolic music videos and heartfelt lyrics. Her music video Elastic Heart, published on January 7th, 2013, has been a controversial topic of debate since its premiere, showcasing a very convoluted message that has often been misinterpreted as pedophelia or abuse, amongst other things. Though it’s indeterminate representation is purposeful to spark a conversation, one interpretation that is popularRead MoreComparison Between Michael Jackson And Whitney Houston1342 Words   |  6 PagesComparison between Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston’s Music and Personal lives. Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston were two of the biggest music acts in the world, selling hundreds upon thousands of records between them. Both acts rose to fame at an early age eventually earning the titles ‘The King of Pop’ (The Guardian, 2009) and ‘The Voice’ (IMDB, 2012) as well as earning plentiful awards in their careers; It is claimed that Whitney Houston is the most awarded female artist of all time. As

The Hunger Artist free essay sample

Does Kafka’s Hunger Artist create a new sense of the body? If so, how? And how does the Hunger Artist’s strange human body compete against animals’ bodies in this story? Create a clear and direct overall thesis and argue. ! Kafka’s â€Å" A Hunger Artist†, illustrates a compelling reinvention of the body through the story of a single act in a circus where a man goes forty days without the consumption of food in efforts to horrify his audience. Kafka’s story portrays the artist’s internal con? icts as he faces his own addiction to starvation, with the external destruction of the artist’s withering body. As the story develops, the hunger artist becomes less of a spectacle to the audience and more of an unrelatable freak and is eventually replaced, ironically, with a healthy young panther. Kafka’s â€Å"A Hunger Artist† exposes the fundamental will to defy traditional human convention, by de? ning a new sense of the body as the power of the mind through characterizing a basic need as a common desire. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Artist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kafka contrasts the artist’s diminished body with an ordinary panther that presents the spectators with a symbol of life and complete ful? llment. The hunger artist is able to construe a contemporary sense of body with his indifference to temptation and neglecting to be glutinous, therefore pushing his mind farther then his body. The artist also shapes the new sense of body through building on the idea that there is a distinct difference between desire and need. In articulating this distinction, the artist creates a paradox based on the idea that by desiring nothing, he will be ful? lled. Kafka takes the human body to new extremes and pushes the hunger artist to the boundaries of desire, rede? ning the traditional sense of body. The hunger artist was genuine about his form of art and fully immersed himself into fasting. The hunger artist was constantly bomb-barred with the allurement of food, however,â€Å"the initiates knew well enough that during his fast the artist would never in any circumstances, not even under forcible compulsion, swallow the smallest morsel of food† (Kafka 223). The artist is able to displace his biological hunger, with his hunger to push himself to the limits. Throughout the story, the artist has many opportunities to break his performance, after all â€Å"no one could possibly watch [him] continuously, day and night† (Kafka 224). The hunger artist is his own spectator and wants nothing more but to see him   nish his act, but â€Å"[feels] that there [are] no limits to his capacity for fasting† (Kafka 225). The Hunger artist’s is determined to surpass all expectations over rides his gluttonous temptations. Kafka goes on to compare the human artists emancipated body with his replacement, the young panther. The panther, unlike the hunger artist, â€Å"[was brought] the food he liked† (Kafka 231) whereas the hunger artist was aiming for a lifetime of grati? cation rather then instant temporary food ful? llment. The story unravels to reveal the artist â€Å"was never satis? ed†(Kafka 224) even after completing his forty day fast. Kafka describes the artist feeling resentment towards the public questioning â€Å" if he could endure fasting longer, why shouldn’t the public endure it? † (225). The audience â€Å"began to lose interest, sympathetic support began to fall off†(Kafka 225) yet the artist was not ful? lled by himself like much of the spectators were. Kafka explains the artist â€Å"couldn’t ? nd the food [he] liked. If [he] has found it, believe me, [he would] have made no fuss and stuffed [himself] like you or anyone else† (Kafka 231). To the public, the artist seems to have considerable amounts of self control, however, what the public neglects to see is his true talent, determination. The artist is able to clearly separate his needs and desire and has been indifferent towards food for he has yet to ? nd something he desires. One thing he desires is to push himself farther and farther into his addiction to starvation. The artist feltâ€Å"he was working honestly, but the world was cheating him of his reward†(Kafka 230). The audience only saw the artist as an old, lifeless man with no ambition. The artist’s internal buzz was masked by his deteriorating body. The young panther who replaced the artist was full of life and was whole, which contrasted the artist. The one thing the artist desired more left him dying â€Å"no longer proud persuasion that he was still continuing to fast†(Kafka 231). The panther lived everyday in full harmony, ? lling his wishes day by day. The hunger artist understood he needed only to live to have what he desired. Besides living, the artist needed no other form of comfort, knowing each day he was getting closer to his wish, which was comfort enough. By establishing his needs and desires, the artist creates a new sense of body, one where needs and desires are driven harmonically.   The panther had â€Å"seemed to carry freedom around with it; somewhere in his jaws it seemed to lurk; and the joy of life streamed with such ardent passion from his throat that for the onlookers it was not easy to stand the shock of it† (Kafka 231) whereas the artist â€Å"merely staring into vacancy with half shut eyes, now and then taking a sip from a tiny glass of water to moisten his lips† (Kafka 223). The panther and the artist, both are trying to achieve their wishes. The panther doing so in a traditional materialistic manor and the artist rede? ning the ordinary sense of body by attempting to achieve his wish of absolute nothing. The artist displays the enormous efforts he must go through to achieve his dreams, and through all of his efforts the artist is able to show how one can manipulate themselves to go places they have never gone before.

Apple Computer, Inc. Maintaining the Music Business

Introduction Apple Computers Inc. was incorporated in early 1977. Its primary business was the manufacture of personal computers. Apple’s primary target was to make privet individuals to own a computer. This strategy has changed over the years. It has incorporated other devices into its production line (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). Over the years, Apple’s innovations have revolutionized the smart devices market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Apple Computer, Inc.: Maintaining the Music Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company was reluctant to venture into the mobile phone market at first. Steve Jobs once said that Apple would not manufacture a phone. His reason was the company’s incapacity to control what went into the device (Meyer, 2010). A few years later, Apple produced the iPhone. The iPhone is just one of Apple’s leading products. ITunes allows subscribers to dow nload music and movies at a fee. This innovation fundamentally changed music distribution worldwide. The company does not earn substantial amounts from this service. Apple capitalizes on its influence on other products instead. It significantly increases iPod’s sales as many customers use it to store their music and movies (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). The iPod is Apples cash cow, generating up to 40% of its revenues (Meyer, 2010). Apple’s iPhone combines mobile phone and iPod features. The company operates in a highly competitive industry, competing directly with cell phones, computers, digital content and consumer electronics. Apple combines innovation and smart marketing strategies to maintain its competitive advantage (Meyer, 2010). Strategic challenges facing Apple Computer Apple Computer keeps a tight control over the quality of its products (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). This has assured its customers of high quality products and services from the company. Keeping th is control and maintaining quality is a challenge facing the company. Various companies supply its product components. These include; Texas Instruments, Phillips and Samsung. Some of these suppliers have expressed concern over Jobs’ controlling nature (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). Maintaining a balance between quality controls and good relationships with suppliers is a major challenge for the company.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apple’s innovative ability has always been the hallmark of its success. It produces attractive pieces which competitors keep reproducing (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). The challenge to Apple is maintaining these abilities. Remaining innovative helps to keep its products unique and different from its competitors. As it expands globally, keeping its innovations secret will be another challenge. Information on designs and other importa nt details may leak from its factories worldwide. Apple’s traditional clients were technology savvy fanatics. Its customer base has widened with an increase in its products. Some of its products aim at specific consumer groups such as students (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). Marketing to these diverse markets and meeting their expectations is going to be a huge challenge. Eye-catching marketing ads have always been associated with Apple. With a wider and varied customer base, the company needs to remain relevant. Satisfying a varied customer base is not going to be easy for Apple. There are customers who prefer products that are compatible with different devices. Apple has always preferred services that are only compatible with its products. Meeting these expectations require a change of tactics. The company is expanding globally (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). This will require a professional team to handle the increased exposure. It will also need to create and maintain good relati onships with all the stakeholders. This is a significant challenge for Apple. This is because it has always relied on Steve Jobs for this. It needs other faces to show passion for the brand and boost its popularity. Jobs could not do it alone after the expansion. There should be a succession plan in place. Measuring company success There are various ways by which a company’s success can be measured. Accounting measures are popular methods of measuring company success along financial lines. These include; profitability, return of assets and return on equity ratios among others.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Apple Computer, Inc.: Maintaining the Music Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They give a snapshot of the financial status of a company. Data that can be quantified is used in this method. The problem is that these methods do not take qualitative data into account. A company’s succ ess is only measured in financial aspects (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2010). Using a balanced scorecard can give a balanced assessment of a company’s success. Accounting measures are applied alongside three other measures. This method considers different perspectives. These are; the internal processes, accounting measures, learning and growth, and customer perspectives. By considering both qualitative and quantitative data, one gets a balanced analysis s of the company. The balanced scorecard reveals the weaknesses and strengths of a company. This measure is similar to the triple bottom line method of measuring company success. When applying the triple bottom line, one considers both the environmental and social successes of the company (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2010). Benchmarking focuses on the current success of a company in different aspects. It also looks at ways of improving or maintaining that success. Significant factors affecting a company’s success are identi fied. These are then measured and used as a yardstick. The company must aim at meeting and surpassing these measures. Customer satisfaction, return on assets, profitability and return on equity are commonly used as benchmarks. Internal and external environmental factors affecting Apple’s future A company’s future significantly depends on its competitive advantage in the market (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2010). This is heavily influenced by factors in its internal and external environment. Apple has a rich well of resources, both tangible and intangible. The company’s wealth, however, lies in its intangible resources. Apple’s employees have a knack for innovative designs. Its CEO-Steve Jobs is a good example of an innovative mind within Apple. He has been the brain behind many of its innovations. The company’s brand is another internal resource. It is associated with attractive, high quality devices (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). It has also created a network of good relationships with other players in the industry. This has enabled it to make agreements with music record companies and movie makers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These partnerships have been the bedrock of iTunes’s success. The personal qualities of Steve Jobs have helped the company to maintain a good public image. He has also helped to maintain good relations between the company and its customers. Apple’s internal capabilities are in advertising, production and marketing. It produces products that cater for its diverse markets. Its creative adverts and marketing strategies reward it with high sales. Its core competence is innovation. The company comes up with new technology and devices regularly. This gives it a healthy competitive edge over its competitors (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). In the external environment, a variety of factors are likely to affect Apple’s future strategies and success. The digital media industry that Apple has ventured into is fiercely competitive. Entry barriers are low. The capital required is not prohibitive and many firms with resources can easily invest. ITunes, iPod and the iPhone face sti ff competition from new and existing entrants in the market (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). The future of Apple depends on how well it maintains its competitive advantage. Apple’s products face competition from cheaper brands. Its customers have easy access to products that can substitute Apple’s products. Its competitors, who produce and sell similar products at a cheaper price, threaten Apple’s dominance. Global markets such as Japan are saturated with competitors. Apple has found it hard to penetrate this market because local manufacturers have a strong hold over it (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). Its operations are affected by copyright laws. It sells protected material on iTunes (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). It, therefore, has to protect these products from copyright violations. This is a significant factor in the arrangements it makes with music records and movie companies. Technological advancements also affect Apple’s business significantly. As technology c hanges, it has to be innovative to remain relevant. Consumers want the latest technological devices. Its survival depends on how well it keeps pace with changes in technology. Apple’s strategy in the face of rivalry Apple’s marketing and innovative strategies make it a leader in the industry. It consistently produces innovative products whose popularity is unrivaled in the industry. Though similar products exist, they do not match apple in quality. Apple’s customers have become accustomed to superior experiences (Chapman Hoskisson, 2012). However, the incompatibility of its services with other products could be its undoing. Competitors such as Microsoft and Samsung manufacture products that are compatible with many devices. The company’s advertising and marketing strategies maintain its competitiveness. It operates its own outlets that increase its products’ exposure. Apple’s strategies have fared favorably even with fierce rivalry within t he industry. Recommendations The popularity of the iPhone and other products exposes Apple to increased malware threats. The company should increase the security of its products. Assuring customers of the safety of their devices will maintain customer confidence. As the company enters the music industry, it should maintain the core values of the Apple brand. Innovative, high quality products should be maintained. Customers’ expectations of the Apple brand should be satisfied even in new markets. Current products; phones, iPods computers and other should be updated. This will differentiate them from the competing products. It will also ensure that they remain relevant as technology changes. The company should craft a succession plan. It relies significantly on Steve Jobs for its public image. He is Mr. â€Å"fix it† when things go wrong. The company should groom other persons for the role. The press and other stakeholders should have other faces to associate the brand w ith. Apple has a reputation of concentrating on its customers and not on competitors. This is a good strategy as the company establishes an intimate bond with them. It learns what customers prefer and focuses on satisfying them. However, the competition it faces is increasing by the day. It faces threats not only from established companies but also startups. It should pay more attention to competitors without becoming obsessed with them. As the company seeks to partner with different companies, it should not lose its control over quality. These partnerships are necessary in its global expansion plant. As it grows big, it may lose its original strengths. It should guard against this to maintain customer loyalty. References Chapman, R Hoskisson, R (2012), Apple Computer Inc.: Maintaining the Music Business  While Introducing iPhone, Case Study. Hitt, M , Ireland, R Hoskisson, R (2010), Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases:  Competitiveness and Globalization, South Western Ed ucational Publishing, Sydney. Meyer, C (2010), 7 Challenges Facing Apple after Surpassing Microsoft’s Market Cap,  Retrieved from http://www.workingwider.com/strategic_innovation/7-challenges-facing-apple-after-surpassing-microsofts-market-cap/ This case study on Apple Computer, Inc.: Maintaining the Music Business was written and submitted by user Santiago Stein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Colonialism of Africa essays

Colonialism of Africa essays Although there had been a British and greater European presence in Africa prior to the last two decades of the 19th century it was primarily coastal and revolved around the slave trade. With the abolition of the slave trade within the British Empire in 1803 and a complete abolition of slavery across the empire in 1834 there was little interest in Africa by Britain until the end of the century. This lack of interest in Africa did not include The Cape Colony though, which the British gained at the end of the Napoleonic Wars and which served a key role in outfitting ships on the British trade route to India. The role and importance of Africa to the British soon changed though do to imperial competition with France and Germany. Germany under the aggressive policies of Bismarck set out to take a leading role in Africa and catch up to other European powers such as Britain and France in terms of empire by gaining new control over territory and expanding their spheres of influence. Other important factors made Africa the hot spot for British and European expansion including the discovery of gold in the Transvaal and diamonds in the Orange Free State, the palm oil industry in Nigeria, scientific discoveries such as the way to treat malaria, and the mapping and exploration of the previously mysterious African interior early in the 19th century. In order to explore the nature of British expansion in Africa Porters The Lions Share and T.O. Lloyds The British Empire 1558-1995 are indispensable texts. Using their information on British expansion throughout Africa as a foundation it becomes possible to break down the period of greatest growth between 1880 and 1900 by analyzing British role in Africa prior to 1880, the external roles that competitors such as Germany and France had in forcing Englands imperial hand coupled with the internal economic drives for procuring areas of Africa, and the special case and significance of...

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managerial Economics - Essay Example The trade agreements have reduced prices of goods and services of America in foreign markets and also in the home country; tariffs and taxes on these products have been eliminated to a considerable extent. Overall benefits because of globalization are numerous but the major one is surging demand of products and services along with reduction in their prices. As a result of globalization and trade agreements, foreign goods are available at cheaper prices and more American workers are losing their job as labor cost is rising at an accelerating pace. Globalization Globalization has helped in easing up trade between countries as it allows exchange of information, products, resources, services and markets at international level and gives organizations the opportunity of interacting with markets present in different countries. According to globalization theory, cited by Rogers and Hyatt (2012), there are about six processes of globalization that are dynamic and interdependent such as: 1. In crease in economic dependence across the world 2. Dramatic rise in exchange among countries on cultural, economical and resources level. 3. Breakthrough innovations in technological field allow quick access to important and new ideas and information. 4. Space and time has been compressed. 5. Institutions and events have been disembodied that allow restructuring and realignment of interaction on social level across time and space. 6. Reflexive processes have increased global consciousness. Hence, government policy makers have to take into account the factors that are impacting globalization as it has become an important part of every economy. In addition, many governments have changed their policies to support Foreign Direct Investments within their countries so that economy gets boosted (Castle, 2012). Trade Agreements – Protectionism or Deregulation Trade Agreements are being done on an increasing rate among countries to cope up with the recession that has significantly impa cted their economies. According to some researchers, Trade Agreements have helped in taking advantages of benefits being offered to each party; on the other hand, some critiques have argued that it poses threat to local manufactures and service providers (Shah, 2010). In economic policy, protectionism is used to create some restrain in trade through various measures like regulations, quotas and tariffs; it is used in discouraging certain goods imports and give protection to domestic markets as well. On the other hand, deregulation is done to have free economic activity that is free from binding rules of the state; the main idea of this attempt is to boost competition in the country (Labonte, 2010). Some critics have referred to protectionism as a barrier to free trade as it makes certain industries eligible for subsidization that means competition reduces to a greater extent as everyone is treated on an equal basis. However, deregulation allows easy trading amongst countries and mot ivates domestic producers to contribute more in its respective economy. Inflation Inflation is described as increase in price of goods and services (Amadeo, 2012). When inflation is increased, individual’s standard of living falls considerably; each dollar spent for purchasing will buy less amount of thing being bought and more money will be required to get hold of same goods and services. When the inflation is mild, it can significantly impact the economic growth of a country. Healthy economy is one in which prices rise slowly and gradually so that future increase in prices can be avoided. All government policies have to ensure that inflation is controlled so that prices of goods and serv

Outsourcing and how it has effected communication between customers Essay

Outsourcing and how it has effected communication between customers and companies that outsource - Essay Example The result today is a capitalist international economy which has made inroads into the formerly socialist states of eastern and central Europe. Global interdependence is now a feature of the world system and whether one thinks that globalization is a good or bad thing it remains here to stay. Outsourcing, meaning the subcontracting of employment to other countries, is an increasingly common phenomenon with global ramifications (the terms â€Å"offshoring† and â€Å"outsourcing† will be used interdependently here). As the jobs of the first world make their way to the developing countries of the third world, the forces of globalization have had many unintended consequences. The loss of manufacturing jobs in the countries of the Western world and their movement to lower paying countries of the developing â€Å"third world† has restructured the global economy. While outsourcing has had variety of consequences, both positive and negative, this research paper aims to p rovide a holistic analysis of the outsourcing phenomenon in the twenty-first century. What have been the effects on customer satisfaction of outsourcing between customers and companies that outsource? The following will now explore this important question in light of the offshoring phenomenon. Seeking to understand the correlations between customer satisfaction and the offshoring of tasks, duties and responsibilities in the twenty-first century, a recent article in the Wall Street Journal highlighted the important concerns raised by customers when customer service is offshored. Have you ever called a company with a question or complaint and been redirected to Bangladesh, India or the Philippines? Arguing that this is an increasingly common phenomenon in our era of globalized trade and that outsourcing primary customer service functions have a wide variety of

Styrene production plant

Styrene production plant Project Process Project Definition The aim of this paper was to design a styrene plant that produces 30,000 kg/h of styrene using the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB). This report determined whether the dehydrogenation of EB is an effective (both chemically and economically) and viable method of producing styrene. The paper sought to determine this by analysing the production process, cost of the building and running a styrene plant, and the chemistry involved. Process Description Incident Review Materials Hazard Data Raw Materials, Intermediates, Products By-Products Ethylbenzene is harmful, a flammable liquid and is a severe eye irritant. It is the reactant used in the main process of the plant. It dehydrogenates to form styrene as the main reaction, but other side reactions form toluene and benzene. This chemical would cause problems with fires on site. ethylbenzene should be kept away from the other flammable materials in process, to avoid the risk of fire. Styrene is a flammable liquid, mildly toxic, harmful when inhaled ( for example it may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, muscle weakness; produces central nervous system depression; irritates nose, lungs and throat.), and it moderates irritation to eyes and skin. Styrene is confirmed as a carcinogen. It should be produced by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. This chemical can produce major injuries if a fire starts on site. The best condition for this chemical to be stored is on site for as short a time as possible, before being transported away by the tanker. Due styrene is flammable liquid it should be stored away from any other flammable substances such as ethylbenzene, toluene and extra care should be taken to inform the fire services of the danger, to ensure it is dealt with it promptly and properly. Pressure can build in component and they need to be checked for weakened points. Toluene is very flammable, can cause irritation to skin and is harmful if inhaled. It is formed as one of the side reactions in the reactor, when styrene reacts with the hydrogen formed. Loss of containment would cause problems, due to the additional fire risk. The chemical should be kept away from flammable chemicals. Benzene can cause cancer, is toxic, very flammable, irritating to eyes and skin. It is harmful for example it can cause lung damage if swallowed. Benzene is formed in the process by the reaction of ethylbenzene and hydrogen. Benzene is the most violent chemical in this process. Loss of containment could have very serious off-site effects. Cleaning up of any spills would be a problem, and extra care must be taken into account to ensure that people are trained to do so, as this chemical can destroy the environment. Effluents Steam is used as a power in order to keep the reaction going, and thus does not participate in any chemical reaction itself. It is not toxic, however large amount are required, and care must be taken that this water is taken from a suitable source. The water is reusable in this process. The risk of loss of containment depends greatly on the pressure of the steam, excluding the temperature, it should be relatively low risk. Emissions from other facilities This would need to be completed when it is known what is being released by facilities near by. Support Materials KOH is corrosive and harmful if swallowed. It catalysts the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene and reduces the energy required for this reaction. Fe2O3 is non toxic, has no risk to it and should not be considered as a hazardous chemical. It is used as part of the catalyst for the main reaction of dehydration of ethylbenzene. Loss of containment shouldnt cause many problems, and neither should storage or transport. There are no special handling problems with this chemical. Tertiary butyl catchol is toxic to aquatic organisms, can cause skin sensitisation and is an irritant. It lowers the amount of tars the styrene forms from polymerisation. Disposal of this substance would be difficult, and care must be taken to dispose of it in a way that is safe for aquatic organisms. Relatively small amounts of it are needed, as it is just an addition to the styrene, and doesnt take part in any of the main reaction. Services The services required for this chemical plant are fresh water, electricity and gas. Some of the gas will be provided in the plant itself by the combustion of the light reaction products, but gas will still be provided. Principal Materials of Construction Materials encountered during construction/demolition i. Important physical and chemical properties ii. Significant chemical reactions iii. Materials toxic, reactive or severe Environmental impact iv. Estimates of inventory v. Off site effects of Loss of Containment vi. Means of handling and storage vii. Special handling problems Environmental Aspects Environmental Impact Statement: As chemical engineers; it is our duty to ensure that pollution is kept to a minimum where safety of the environment and natural habitats are key priorities by safe and appropriate means of containment and disposal of all waste and effluents involved in the manufacture of styrene. Other Environmental Considerations: The following identifies how the product (styrene) is going to be stored, controlled and monitored: Product: Styrene Problem/Harm to environment: Mildly toxic, flammable, irritive to eye, inhalation may cause headache, nausea and dizziness. Means of Containment: As table 1 indicates; styrene would be best stored in Ny nylon, PE polyethylene, SS stainless steel or TF- Teflon containers. A thick container of this material would be most appropriate to store styrene as it offers â€Å"only slight changes in mass or dimensions† of styrene. Hirst (2002, p.90). Controlling and Monitoring: when exposed to styrene, wear protective clothing such as long overalls and thick appropriate gloves to avoid direct contact with the product. Additional safety precautions: o All clothes which have been in contact with product should be washed and rinsed immediately. o Air ventilates in all rooms to remove any harmful vapour. This table identifies all by products and wastes produced during the manufacture of styrene and offers reasonable solutions as to how they can be disposed of: Health Toxicology Occupational Health Statement Statutory exposure limits   Specific Requirements for Design Transport And Siting Possible Modes Of Transport For Styrene Production: By Road By Rail   By Ferry Transport Stages Due to the hazardous nature of the materials that we are going to be handling in order to produce styrene we have to undergo various safety precautions whilst transporting the materials. Because of the flammability hazard (in certain circumstances) and the unpleasant smell, all loading/unloading activities should preferably be carried out, having regard to the prevention of the ignition sources and styrene vapour emissions in the working area. An inspection of the transport equipment should be carried out by the loading terminal staff before, during and after loading. The inspection list detailed inAppendix 5is recommended for use. Previous Cargoes And Cleanliness A tank that carries Styrene Monomer should not have carried the following substances as any of the last two cargoes:  § Caustic soda  § Pyrolysis gasoline  § Fuel oils  § Lube oils Tanks to be loaded with Styrene Monomer should not be cleaned with materials which are reactive with Styrene Monomer or TBC, or cause increased colour, odour or a chloride problem. Salt water should never be the last wash because of possible chloride contamination. Because of the effect of the application of heat to styrene, steam cleaning of adjacent tanks to compartments which contain styrene or styrene residues is strictly not allowed. Facilities using styrene should have developed and implemented a comprehensive spill prevention and emergency response plan. This plan should address: 1. Spill detection methods, 2. Emergency notification procedures, 3. Community contacts for notification and advice on evacuation needs, 4. Fire prevention and protection, 5. Provisions for spill containment/clean-up, 6. Environmental protection, 7. Compliance with applicable local regulations or laws. Effect of Loss of Containment on Occupied Buildings Potential Effect From Existing Plants Iit is only slightly soluble in water (approx. 300 ppm at ambient conditions) and consequently the acute hazard of spilled styrene will be very limited for most aquatic species. However styrene may cause tainting (unpleasant taste) in food from aquatic organisms exposed to low environmental concentrations. According to the Standard European Behaviour Classification (Bonn Agreement) styrene is classified as a â€Å"floater evaporator†. Styrene is a monocyclic alkenyl aromatic compound with a molecular weight of 104. Being rather volatile and having a flash point of 32 oC, styrene is classified as a flammable substance, which in use may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixtures. Despite its high boiling point, styrene will eventually end up in the air. Short-term exposure to styrene in humans results in respiratory effects, such as throat irritation and lung constriction, irritation to the eyes, and neurological effects such as dizziness (see Section 3 â€Å"Health Aspects† for more details). To date styrene is classified in the EU as harmful by inhalation, irritating to the eyes and to the skin Very low concentrations of styrene vapour will react with bromine and with chlorine in sunlight to form an extremely potent lachrymatory agent. (causes tears to form, irritation and can even lead to blindness!!!) Conformance With Company Policies Company policies concerning Health, Safety and the Environment: 1. Smoking is prohibited in all areas of the premises; both indoors and outdoors and in any other enclosed spaces. Smoking is only permitted in a specified location at a safe distance from the facility and all equipment. 2. Food and drink should only be consumed in dining areas and all employees must thoroughly wash their hands prior to handling food. 3. Fire extinguishers must be present in all parts of the premises. One should be in every room/corridor or other separated enclosure. It must be clearly visible and accessible. All Employees must be fully trained in their operation. 4. Fire alarms must be present in all rooms/corridors and must be clearly signed and accessible at all times. 5. All workers should not lift any objects which they are physically uncomfortable with lifting. They must ask for assistance during any moving process and movement of chemicals/other hazardous materials should always be supervised. 6. Where necessary, workers must wear suitable physical protection. This includes hard hat, coat, gloves, goggles etc. Protection guidelines should be available in all processing areas and must be clear and visible. 7. All materials presenting potential health risks must be carefully and properly contained. This should be checked prior to and after moving, and at least once daily. 8. All equipment must be maintained properly and regularly to the manufacturers guidelines. This must be carried out by someone qualified to do so and must be supervised. 9. Equipment involving high temperatures and pressures must be located at a safe distance from all areas largely populated by employees. 10. Equipment conditions (temperature, pressure, flow rate etc) must be consistently monitored and alarms must be in place to detect loss of control. 11. Controls must be capable of complete shutdown and isolation of any and all equipment and pipes. 12. Emissions must be carefully controlled and must fall within limits set by the Environmental Health Agency. 13. All the above policies must be reviewed monthly to ensure there are being upheld consistently. This must be carried out by an external professional. The styrene plant will adhere to all the policies set out above and all the policies will be considered and incorporated into the design of the plant to ensure they can be consistently and efficiently met. Consent Levels And Safety, Health And Environmental Protection Criteria Environment Exact sizing of the plant is yet to be studied, but based on a plant in Somerville Rd Brooklyn in Melbourne owned by Huntsman Chemical Company of Australia Pty Ltd, it is likely to be approximately 40 hectares (400 km2). Depending on the proximity to civilisation, this area may increase to create a safe perimeter. Wildlife will be affected by this development and so study needs to be done into the location of the site and habitation. Some wildlife may equally be a potential hazard to the operation of the plant itself.   Noise The exposure limit values are a daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 87 dB; and a peak sound pressure of 140 dB. Study therefore needs to be done to investigate the level of noise produced by the machines that will operate in this plant. Health Effects As described in section 2, many of the materials involved present risks to health. All outputs in the liquid phase are irritants and some are known carcinogens. Several of the gaseous outputs are asphyxiates and flammable. The following emission controls are enforced by law (time weighted average): Ethylbenzene: TWA: 100 STEL: 125 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)] Benzene: TWA: 1.6 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)] Styrene: Long-term exposure limit (8-hour TWA limit reference period) 430 mg.m-3 8.4 Personal Safety Criteria Noise workers should be provided with noise protection when noise levels exceed the noise exposure limit stated above. Emissions In places of the plant where there is gaseous output, workers should be provided with dust respirators or gas masks where necessary. All workers must be given training on identifying gas leaks and emergency procedures. Machinery Workers should be provided with personal protection when working with machinery or handling equipment. This includes gloves, hard hat, protective boots and visibility jackets. Workers should be trained not to lift any heavy or dangerous material. Organisational, Human Factors Emergency Requirements   Suitability and Availability of Staff New systems of Work and Procedures Site Emergency Facilities and Roles/Responsibilities Facilities for peak construction staffing Sustainability   Environmental Responsibility The EU authorities have concluded that styrene is not bio-accumulative and meets the ready biodegradation criteria of the 29th Adaptation to Technical Progress of the Dangerous Substances Directive. The European Environmental Risk Assessment of styrene has concluded that no classification is needed. Persistence of Styrene in the environment is very limited because of its volatility from soils and surface waters, its rapid destruction in air and its biodegradation in soils, and surface and ground waters. Styrene is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. Due to its high depletion rate from water the exposure rate may be very low. More details on Styrene environmental effects can be found in Section 4â€Å"Environmental Aspects†. What happens when styrene enters the environment For the most part, inert products such as plastic parts, packaging etc. introduce styrene into the environment through the manufacture and disposal processes with evidence of styrene contamination being found in air, water and ground soils. However, in unlinked liquid form it enters the environment quickly and in larger quantities through evaporation and is also further broken down by bacteria found in water and soils allowing further rapid entry. It is not expected to enter the food chain by grazing animals. How does it affect humans Surprisingly, for a fairly commonly used industrial product, little is known about the effects of styrene on us, what we do know to date is that although exposure may not lead to any symptoms at all, breathing high levels of styrene for short periods can lead to possible respiratory problems and nervous system effects such as depression, tiredness, nausea, muscle weakness, ENT irritation. There is currently no test data on the effects of breathing low levels for a long time, nor is any data available on the effects of ingestion or absorption although animal studies revealed various symptoms such as damage to the brain, kidneys, liver and lung along with some reproductive effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Environmental Protection Agency has also now determined that styrene could be a possible carcinogen to humans in airborne form and several studies of workers have shown that breathing styrene may cause leukemia. There is no current evidence to support any cancer or health risks for ï ¬ nal ï ¬ nished products containing styrene where skin contact or ingestion has occurred. Clearly, styrene is a toxic, dangerous product in its raw form. It ï ¬ nds its way into the market in either solid form e.g. plastic parts, packing etc. or in liquid form. It is not harmful to humans in its inert solid form although it is harmful to the environment if not disposed of correctly. It is harmful to humans in liquid form both as a ï ¬ nished product and during manufacture. WEALTH CREATION: The process of producing styrene on a large scale has a major benefit particularily on the local population surrounding the styrene plant as there is a great number of jobs that are created for people. The local community can therefore take advantage of this and unemployment levels in the local area should plummet. The general wealth of the community will in turn increase and so the plant is in effect responsible for the local area becoming more prosperous financially. Social Development Further Studies Further Studies would have to be conducted in the following area to assure the construction of the plant is safe and feasible: Wildlife in the local area Affect any emissions/noise might have. Local community whether the local community would be content with a styrene production plant in the area Noise produced by plant equipment Emissions of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and Methylbenzene produced by the plants after reduction methods are complete. These gases are hazardous and have exposure limits which must be met. Emergency procedures and effects of plant layout

Institutional Racism in the United States :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

The history of the United States is one of duality.   In the words of the Declaration of Independence, our nation was founded on the principles of equality in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Yet, long before the founders of the newly declared state met in Philadelphia to espouse the virtues of self-determination and freedom that would dubiously provide a basis for a secessionary war, those same virtues were trampled upon and swept away with little regard.   Beneath the shining beacon of freedom that signaled the formation of the United States of America was a shadow of deception and duplicity that was essential in creating the state. The HSS 280 class lexicon defines duality as â€Å"a social system that results from a worldview which accepts inherent contradictions as reasonable because this is to the believer's benefit.† The early years of what would become the United States was characterized by a system of duality that subjugated and exterminated peoples for the benefit of the oppressors. This pattern of duality, interwoven into our culture, has created an dangerously racialized society.   From the first moment a colonist landed on these shores, truths that were â€Å"self-evident† were contingent on subjective â€Å"interpretation.†Ã‚   This discretionary application of rights and freedoms is the foundation upon which our racially stratified system operates on.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   English colonists, Africans, and Native Americans comprised the early clash of three peoples. Essentially economic interests, and namely capitalism, provided the impetus for the relationships that developed between the English colonists, the Africans, and the Native Americans. The colonialization of North American by the British was essentially an economic crusade.   The emergence of capitalism and the rise of trade throughout the 16th century provided the British with a blueprint to expand its economic and political sphere.   The Americas provided the British with extensive natural resources, resources that the agrarian-unfriendly British isles could not supply for its growing empire.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Britons arrived in North America, the indigenous population posed an economic dilemma to the colonists.   The Native Americans were settled on the land that the British colonists needed to expand their economic capacity.   To provide a justificatory framework for the expulsion of Native Americans off their land, the English colonists created a ideology that suited their current needs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The attitude of Anglos toward the Native Americans began as one of ambivalence and reliance.   When the English first arrived in North America, they needed the Indians to survive the unfamiliar land and harsh weather.   Once the English became acclimated to their surroundings and realized that the Indians were living on valuable land, it was only a matter of time before guns and

Review Of Herman And Chomsky Essay

The ‘Manufacturing Consent’ of media operations written and applied by Edward Herman and   Noam Chomsky say   that elite mass media are united and interlocked with other institutional sectors in ownership, management and social circles. In democratic societies mass media plays an important role. They respond to public concerns and create awareness to the state policies important events and view points. The fundamental principles of democracy depend upon the notion of a reasonably informed electorate   that reflects   public opinion and respond to public concerns Media is an integral part of the society, media need not be controlled or set to a pattern they work united with other sectors.(European Journal of Communication; 2002, pg.147). Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda model has been named as ‘conspiracy theory’ because of its determined view of media behavior, according to them mass media are instruments of power that mobilize support for special interests that dominate the state and private activity and mass media acts in unison with other sectors, i.e. the academy, to establish, enforce, reinforce and police corporate hegemony. (European Journal of Communication 2002, pg148) .   Herman and Chomsky reject the ‘conspiracy label’ however ‘the Manufacturing Consent’s emphasis is on motives of media behavior, in relation to institutional controls.(Herman and Chomsky ;1988,pg 1-35). The model assumes that media designs should be explained in structural terms. According to Herman and Chomsky there are five major ‘filtering’ mechanisms which structure the news content. The authors admit that propaganda model cannot give every detail of such a complex matter as the working of the national mass media, the model does not assume that news reporters, editors and other workers are instructed or typically compelled to omit some voices and emphasize others, the model outlines circumstances under which media will be comparatively ‘open’ or ‘closed’. As micro-analysis is not the task of the Propaganda Model, it only provides an overview of the system at work, making sense out of a confusing picture by removing the main principles of the system, the basic argument in this context   is that meanings are easily ‘filtered’ by restrictions that are made in the system. The authors argue that meanings are formed at odd levels, as the decisions are understood to be natural and sensible, however the authors do not imply that newsroom workers always make decisions to align themselves with the interests of the dominant elites.(Rai,1995:pg46) Herman and Chomsky write that all news material goes through five inter related filter restrictions. Leaving only cleansed residue fit to be printed.(Herman and Chomsky;1988:pg 3-14). The five filter elements are: (1) the size, concentrated ownership, owner’s wealth, and profit orientation of the dominant mass-media; (2) advertising as the primary income source of the mass media. (3) the reliance of the media on information provided by government, business, and experts funded and approved by the primary sources and agents of power. (Martin and Knight 1997,pg 253-254). (4) Opposition as means of disciplining the media; (5) anti-communism as a national religion and control mechanism.(Herman ,cited in Wintonick and Achbar,1994:pg108). The first filter restriction emphasizes that media are closely interlinked and share common interests with other dominant sectors as corporations, the state, and banks. The dominant media sectors are large firms with large businesses; they are controlled by very wealthy people or by their managers who are subject to sharp restrictions by the owners. The second filter emphasizes that the news production process is highly influenced by advertising values ,most media must sell markets(readers) to buyers(advertisers).This dependency can directly influence media   performance, Chomsky   remarks   that media content reflects the interests of the sellers, the buyers, and the product . Herman contends that the application of the first and second filters of the   propaganda model has greatly influenced the economy the communications industries, and politics went through dramatic changes the two filters ,ownership and advertising have become even more important. The third filter is the news gathering process, the dominant elite provide press releases, copies of speeches, periodicals, photos, and thus government and corporate sources are attractive to media only for economic reasons. The third filter stresses that the opinions by corporate and state sources are adapted to class interest and market force. Herman and Chomsky stress that the nature of the mutual relationship between media and sources directly affect the media performance. The powerful can use personal relationships, threats, rewards, to influence media. The media under obligations may carry untrue stories in order not to offend their close relationship with the sources. The fourth filter, flak, means the state the dominant social institution which has power and resources to force the media to play a propagandistic role in society Herman and Chomsky explain that flak refers to negative responses to media statement, it may involve individuals or independent action, and the authors contend that preferred meanings are structured by dominating official sources, in this way news may be skewed in the desired direction. The fifth filter, the anti-communism has been replaced by ‘otherness’ It’s the idea of scaring people, creating fear, hatred, and discontent aroused by social and economic conditions, to prevent them from realizing to what is really happening to them.(Chomsky 1998: pg48).The authors maintain that media shapes public opinion by controlling how ideas are presented; the five filters curb the flow of the news as it passes through its gates and can easily limit what can be big news. Herman and Chomsky state that these five filter constraints are the essentials of propaganda model, the members of the power elite try to shape the beliefs and attitudes and opinions of the people through the media, free and open discussions are part of the process but leaders utilize deceit and violence to combat individuals and institutions as the public does not agree with the opinion of the power elite. The world politics has seen radical changes since the demise of communism in the former Soviet Union as mentioned in the Manufacturing Consent. The fifth filter is termed ‘the dominant ideology ’through out this book, however,   anti –communism   has been emphasized as the ideological elements that are most important in terms of discipline and control mechanisms. The Manufacturing Consent, gives a vague description of the fifth filter its ideology helps to mobilize people against an enemy it can be used against any policies that threaten property interests or support the communist states and radicalism, the model presumes that media performance is understood as the outcome of market forces, the dominant media are deeply and firmly imbedded in the market system, the main information sources ,the media depends on   are the government and major business firms. Herman and Chomsky view media as dominant ideological apparatus same   as mentioned in the thesis by William Domhoff in his book ,The Powers That Be: Processes of Ruling Class Domination in America. (Domhoff 1979,pg 169). Domhoff contends that the   four basic processes through which the ruling class ‘rules’ are (1)the special interest process;(2)policy formation process;(3)candidate selection; and(4)the ideological process, the Herman and Chomsky’s theory is the mirror of Domhoff’s theory of ideological apparatus for dominant elites.(Domhoff;1979,179-183). The Canadian sociologist Wallace Clement writes about the ruling class of Canada, he states through observation that the ruling elite have remained consistent over the past century. The institutional links within Canada are at elite level, ownership of capital is highly concentrated.(Canadian Corporate Elite;1975). Another Canadian sociologist Patricia Marchak (1988;pg122),stresses that the main question is under what conditions the state would be obliged to act only with reference to the interests of the capital. When such conditions are obtained universally, and when they do, the validity of Propaganda Model is likely to increase.(Patricia Marchak;1988,pg34). Herman and Chomsky do not claim that media acts only to circulate propaganda. The Propaganda Model   Ã‚  describes ‘the forces that cause the mass media to play a propaganda role’ they also argue that media not only serve the political and economic interests of dominant elite but also of the state. The authors admit that the propaganda model does not explain everything in every context it deals with the patterns of media behavior and performance. The elite media decides what topics, issues, and events that are to be considered ‘news worthy’ by the lower-tier media and establish the general discourse, they determine, they select,   they shape,   they control, they restrict in order   to serve the dominant elite groups in the society. This system is at odds with reality as the powerful are able to decide what the general public is allowed to see, hear, think and create public opinion by regular control. Individual powerlessness grows in the face of globalizing market; support organizations as the labor unions are weakened .In the final pages of Manufacturing Consent Herman and Chomsky acknowledge that the system is not all powerful, the domination of media by government and the elite have not overcome Vietnam syndrome and public hostility to direct US involvement in destabilization and over throw of foreign governments.   Herman and Chomsky took the phrase ‘manufacturing consent’ from the influential American journalist Walter Lippman who advocated consent engineering. He said common good should be managed by small specialized class. The creation of consent is not a new art, it was supposed to have died out with the birth of democracy but it is very much alive, it is now based on analysis rather than on rule of thumb. The engineering of consent is the essence of democratic process, (Bernays; 1947, cited in Wintonick and Achbar, 1994; pg41). the freedom of speech, press, petition, and assembly; the freedoms to make the engineering of consent possible are the most cherished guarantees of the Constitution of the United States.(Lippman, cited inRai,1995;pg23).   John Jay was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court he said ‘those who own the country ought to govern it’ in other words it is necessary to ensure that those who own the country are happy or else all will suffer, for they control investment and determine what is produced and distributed and what benefits will trickle down to those who rent themselves to the owners when the y can. The propaganda model contends that media content is organized to manufacture consent and to prevent opposition media content serves political ends the media makes choices that establish and define ‘worthy’ and ‘unworthy’ causes. The news coverage devoted to government(state)policy in general(foreign and domestic) by the elite to generate audience interest and sympathy in some stories while directing attention away from other stories Media take close interest in the Third World and their interconnections with the   government.(Herman and Chomsky,1988;pg13-14). The authors write that media treats victims of oppression and state terrorism differently, depending on the perpetrators. The ‘unworthy victims’ (victims of oppression and /or state terrorism perpetrated by us (Canada, the US and the other capitalist democracies), and ‘worthy victims’ (victims of oppression and/or state terrorism perpetrated by official enemy states).Different treatment is observed in sourcing and evaluating stories, full swing investigation in search of villain and of high officials, to humane treatment more prominent coverage. In case of ‘unworthy victims’ of enemy crimes, allegations are simply invented they have to rely on official US. sources unless they prove it wrong in which case they are avoided(Cambodia under Pol Pot is a case in point).It predicts that the victims of state terrorism/violence that is perpetuated by the democracies or client states will be given treatment that can be seen to serve political ends (Chomsky, 1988; pg34). The writers as moral agents are trying to bring the truth about matters of human significance to an audience that can do something about them. My personal view is that citizens of democratic societies should take a definite course of self- defense to protect their rights with the help of radio and television, advertising and public relations to safe guard their rights from being manipulated. The Independent mind must be allowed to develop and grow in a free society it is a difficult task as in today’s free society, consent is manipulation of public opinion. I do agree with the writers, in my view the young minds should separate themselves from the official manipulative system. Thus the writers are invested with a moral responsibility to tell the truth, it is a very difficult task to perform today even in our free society. Works Cited Clement, W. (1975) Canadian Corporate Elite: Analysis of Economic Power. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Domhoff, William G. (1979) The Powers That Be: Processes of Ruling Class Domination in America. New York: Vintage Books. European Journal of Communication (2002) SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 17(2): 147–182. [0267–3231(200206)17:2; 147–182; 023691] Martin, Michele with Graham Knight (1997) Communication and Mass Media: Culture, Domination and Opposition. Toronto: Prentice-Hall. Wintonick, Peter and Mark Achbar (1994) Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. Montreal: Black Rose.